d 2 amino 5 phosphonovaleric acid  (Tocris)

Journal: Neurochemistry international

Article Title: Multiplexed Neurochemical Monitoring Reveals Glutamate Modulates Dopamine Neurotransmission in the Nucleus Accumbens

doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2026.106148

Figure Lengend Snippet: Influence of ionotropic receptor antagonists D-AP5 (NMDAR antagonist) and NBQX (AMPAR/KAR antagonist) on dopamine and glutamate. (A) Comparison of stimulated ΔF/F 0 for glutamate recorded under control, D-AP5 (50 μM, n=19) and NBQX (5 μM, n=23) (Two-way ANOVA, Time Factor: p=0.0007, F(3.120, 174.7)=5.857; Drug Factor: p=0.0024, F(3.120, 174.7)=5.857. The starred points represent significance between control and D-AP5 at time 30 (p<0.0001), 40 (p<0.0001), 50 (p=0.0005), and 60 (p<0.0001); no points were significantly different for NBQX. (B) Comparison of stimulated dopamine currents recorded under control, D-AP5 (50 μM, n=6) and NBQX (5 μM, n=7) conditions (Two-way ANOVA, Time Factor: p=0.0562, F(2.704, 43.26)=2.804; Drug Factor: p=0.0015, F(2, 16)=10.01). The starred points represent significance between control and NBQX at time 30 (p=0.0227), 40 (p=0.0331), and 50 (p=0.0397); no points were significantly different for D-AP5. (C-D) Paired-comparison graphs depicting the change between the averages of glutamate ΔF/F0 at different experimental conditions for (C) D-AP5 (Wilcoxon Test, n=19, p<0.0001) and (D) NBQX (Wilcoxon Test, n=23, p=0.0172). (E-F) Paired-comparison graphs depicting the change between the averages of dopamine current at different experimental time points for (E) D-AP5 (Wilcoxon Test, n=6, p=0.5625) and (F) NBQX (Wilcoxon Test, n=7, p=0.0156). (G) Cartoon image of presynaptic NMDAR blockage via the introduction of D-AP5. (H) Cartoon image of presynaptic AMPAR blockage via the introduction of NBQX.

Article Snippet: D-AP5 ((2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid), DL-TBOA (DL-threo-β-Benzyloxyaspartate), NBQX (2,3-Dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide) Disodium Salt, LY 379268, and LY 341495 Disodium Salt were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (St. Louis, Missouri).

Techniques: Comparison, Control

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: Assessing the Nature of Human Brain‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Synaptic Activity Via the Development of an Air‐liquid Microfluidic Platform

doi: 10.1002/advs.202511194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microfluidic system and control software for automated electrical activity measurement of OPAB and EV collection. A) Schematic representation of the microfluidic‐electrophysiology system. B) Pictures of the platform, showing the dual peristaltic pump coupled to the computer and MEA stage in culture conditions (left panel). The pump has two digital controllers for independent input‐output flow. The MEA stage is contained within a 3D‐printed box (Figure and file , Supporting Information) that accommodates the insertion of microfluidic tubing and holds the distance sensor (lower panels). Within the MEA stage, a slice is placed onto 3D electrodes (see Math & Meth) at ALI through precise laser‐based surface level control as illustrated (upper right panel), and shown (middle and lower right panels). C) Snapshots of an OPAB on a MEA chip, fixed, permeabilized, and stained for neurons (NFEH, orange), astrocytes (GFAP, red), and microglia (Iba1, cyan). Nuclei were stained with Dapi (gray). An image with saturated contrasts (left panel) shows the shadow of the electrode that is opaque to light (preventing observation of neurons on the electrode itself, but only the surrounding ones). Images were acquired by confocal microscopy and are representative of at least three fields of view. D) Snapshot of the homemade program enabling users to control the flow either in manual mode (upper left commands) or automatically using a PID‐based controller to adapt input flow and keep a constant predefined level of medium (right commands). The flow level is monitored in real‐time (lower right line graph). E) Examples of a 2 min recording in electrodes showing background activity level (upper panel) and high activity (lower panel). The inset in the upper panel shows a zoom‐in of the background electrical level present in the inactive electrode. The dashed lines represent the interval period during which the flow was on during the recording (active flow, blue arrow). The absence of electrical modulation at start, stop or during flow, highlights the absence of flow‐induced noise. The recordings are representative of more than ten recordings on 60‐electrode MEAs. F) Spontaneous LFP activity was recorded from OPAB that had been pre‐treated with bicuculline and stimulated with glutamate. The LFP signal from the activated OPAB was measured (pre), and then the electrical signal was inhibited for 10 min using a cocktail of TTX, CNQX, and AP5 and LFP was recorded again (post). The graph shows the mean ± SD of the total spike count from seven slices (each line corresponding to a single slice). Statistical comparison was performed with paired Student t‑tests; * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The spike inhibition was performed by adding a cocktail of 50 μ m tetrodotoxin (TTX; Acros Organics, #13187663)), 50 μ m cyanquixaline (CNQX; Sigma–Aldrich, #C127‐5MG), and 50 μ m (2R)‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid (AP5; MedChemExpress, # HY‐100714A) for 10 min prior to recording.

Techniques: Control, Software, Activity Assay, Staining, Confocal Microscopy, Comparison